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国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组关于加强疏港工作几项补充规定的通知(附英文)

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国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组关于加强疏港工作几项补充规定的通知(附英文)

国务院办公厅


国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组关于加强疏港工作几项补充规定的通知(附英文)

1986年6月7日,国办

通知
国务院同意口岸领导小组制订的《关于加强疏港工作的几项补充规定》,现转发给你们,请认真贯彻执行。

国务院口岸领导小组关于加强疏港工作的几项补充规定(一九八六年五月十五日)
《关于加强疏港工作的几项规定》(以下简称《规定》)实施以来,对加强外贸运输的计划管理,加速港口货物集疏,提高经济效益,起到了一定作用。但在执行过程中,发现《规定》有些地方不够明确,为了进一步搞好疏港工作,经商得有关部门同意,现作如下补充规定:
一、为了维护计划的严肃性,必须严格执行交通、铁道、经贸三部平衡的月度运输计划。各提报单位报送的运输计划必须符合实际。凡是平衡后纳入月度船货到港运输计划的,在执行中发生计划落空时,对提报单位处以每吨五角的罚款。对确有客观原因不能落实计划的,免予罚款。
二、关于《规定》中用几项罚款问题。(一)凡集中到港的大宗物资(季节性商品除外),以年度计划的月平均水平为准,超过15%的,按《规定》对订货公司处以罚款。(二)凡没有年度运输计划,又未按有关规定办理追加计划而自行到货的,应按《规定》对货主处以罚款。(三)凡未按有关规定提报月度计划的,应按《规定》作无计划处理。属我方派船的,对船舶公司处以罚款;属对方派船的,对订货公司处以罚款。
三、凡计划内到船,并跨两个港以上接卸的,前一港船舶代理公司应按规定将船舶抵达下一港的动态,通告下一港船泊代理公司,并转报下一港口岸办、港务局等有关单位,对误期未报者,由外代总公司或外运总公司给予各自的船舶代理公司通报批评。
四、经交通、铁道、经贸三部平衡的月度到船到货计划,由交通部统一下达,并抄送铁道、经贸两部运输局及国务院口岸办。各港务局接到交通部月度计划后,要及时抄送当地口岸办、铁路车站、外运公司。当地口岸办以交通部月度计划文本作为督促、检查和无计划运输罚款的依据。
铁路月度港口装卸车计划,仍按现行办法办理。
五、月度运输计划是执行年度运输计划的具体保证。各港口、铁路、货主(代理人)必须各负其责,按月度平衡计划组织实施。(一)计划内到船,不能出现“超月船”,交通部要将是否出现“超月船”作为考核港口的主要指标之一,进行定期检查。对出现的“超月船”,因港方原因,由交通部通报批评;因外运原因,由经贸部通报批评。(二)要确保完成铁路月度运输计划。因铁路方面的责任未完成的,由铁路主管部门通报批评。(三)对违背定港合理流向的到港物资,除限额以内(杂货不超五百吨,大宗物资不超一千吨)的外,原则上铁路不予疏运。如有特殊情况,需经铁道部主管单位批准,否则自负经济损失。(四)口岸各有关单位签订双边与多边经济协议,是调动各方面积极性,加快车、船、货周转的必要手段,各地口岸办要积极组织好这项工作。
六、为保证计划内到船的靠泊装卸,要严格控制签订临时单船速遣协议。计划外到船不得签订速遣协议。各港口应严格按交通部颁发的《外贸船舶在中国港口装卸速延工作管理办法》执行。
七、《规定》和本补充规定中有关罚款的规定,适用于大连、秦皇岛、天津、青岛、连云港、上海、黄埔、湛江等八个港口。
八、本补充规定自一九八六年七月一日越发施行。

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THEAPPROVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF SEVERAL ADDITIONAL STIPULATIONS BY THELEADING GROUP FOR PORT AFFAIRS ON STRENGTHENING THE WORK OF UNCLOGGINGHARBOURS

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF SEVERAL ADDITIONAL STIPULATIONS BY THE
LEADING GROUP FOR PORT AFFAIRS ON STRENGTHENING THE WORK OF UNCLOGGING
HARBOURS
(June 7, 1986)
The State Council has approved Several Additional Stipulations on
Strengthening the Work of Unclogging Harbours formulated by the Leading
Group for Port Affairs. It is hereby transmitted to you for implementation
conscientiously.
SEVERAL ADDITIONAL STIPULATIONS ON STRENGTHENING THE WORK OF UNCLOGGNG
HARBOURS
Since Several Stipulations on Strengthening the Work of Unclogging
Harbours (hereinafter referred to as Stipulations) were implemented, some
progress has been made in strengthening the planned administration of
foreign trade transport, speeding up the transport of the goods at
harbours and improving economic results. However, during the process of
implementation, some provisions of the Stipulations have been found not
clear enough. With the agreement of the relevant departments, the
following additional stipulations are hereby formulated in order to
further improve the work of unclogging harbours:
1. In order to enforce the plans, the monthly transport plans which have
been balanced by the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Railways
and Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade must be strictly
implemented. The transport plans made and submitted by the relevant units
must conform to the actual situation. In case plans which have been
balanced and incorporated in the monthly transport plans have not been
fulfilled, a fine of 0.5 yuan for every ton of goods shall be imposed on
the relevant units. If the plans cannot be fulfilled due to objective
reasons, no fines shall be imposed.
2. About provisions concerning the fines formulated in the Stipulations:
(1) When a large amount of materials (seasonal goods are not included)
have crowded into a harbour in bulks, if the amount exceeds the monthly
average amount in the yearly plan by 15%, or more, the companies ordering
the goods shall be fined in accordance with the Stipulations.
(2) When goods which are not included in the yearly transport plans arrive
at a harbour and, moreover, the owner has not made any supplementary plans
according to the relevant provisions, fines shall be imposed on the owner
in accordance with the Stipulations.
(3) In case that monthly plans have not been submitted as stipulated, the
materials shall be treated as goods outside the plans. If the vessels are
sent by our country, fines shall be imposed on the shipping companies. If
the vessels are sent by other party, fines shall be imposed on the
companies ordering the goods.
3. If it is necessary to unload goods from some planned vessels at more
than two harbours or more, the shipping agent company at the first harbour
should, according to the relevant stipulations, notify the shipping agent
company at the next harbour of the information concerning the arrival of
the vessels at the next harbour and instruct it to pass on the information
to the office for port affairs, harbour section and other relevant units
at the next harbour. In case of failure to pass on the information in
time, China Ocean Shipping Agency or China National Foreign Trade
Transportation Corporation shall circulate notices to criticize their
respective shipping agent companies.
4. The monthly plan concerning the arrival of vessels and goods which has
been balanced by the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Railways
and the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade shall be issued
by the Ministry of Communications, with copies sent to the Transportation
Bureaus of the other two ministries and the Office of the Leading Group
for Port Affairs of the State Council. After receiving monthly plans from
the Ministry of Communications, the various harbour sections shall
promptly send copies to the local offices for port affairs, railway
stations and foreign trade transportation companies. Local offices for
port affairs shall take the monthly plans from the Ministry of
Communications as the basis for conducting supervision and checks and
imposing fines on unplanned transportation. The monthly railway plans for
loading and unloading goods at harbours shall be carried out according to
the existing procedures.
5. The monthly transport plan is the guarantee for carrying out the yearly
transport plan. All the harbours, railway departments and owners (agents)
must undertake their respective responsibilities in carrying out the
balanced monthly plans.
(1) Planned vessels must not go beyond the month due to waiting to be
loaded and unloaded. The Ministry of Communications should take this as
one of the main standards in assessing the harbours' performance and shall
carry out regular checks. If planned vessels cannot be loaded or unloaded
within the prescribed period because of the harbours' responsibility, the
Ministry of Communications shall circulate notices of criticism. If such
cases are caused by foreign trade transport, the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade shall circulate notices of criticism.
(2) It is necessary to ensure the fulfilment of the railway monthly
transport plan. If the plan has not been fulfilled because of the
responsibility of the railway department, the competent department for the
railways shall circulate notices of criticism.
(3) For those materials which do not have reasonable directions of
transportation, the railways shall only transport amounts within the quota
(less than 500 ton for general goods; less than 1,000 ton for bulk cargo).
In special cases, the approval of the competent department in the Ministry
of Railways should be obtained; otherwise, the owners shall bear the
economic losses.
(4) The bilateral and multilateral economic agreements signed among the
various relevant units at the ports are a necessary measure to bring into
full play the initiative of all the parties and speed up the turnover of
vehicle, vessels and goods. The various offices for port affairs must do a
good job in this respect.
6. In order to ensure the berth, loading and unloading of planned vessels,
it is necessary to strictly control the number of temporary agreements for
sending back single vessels quickly. Such agreements must not be signed
for vessels outside the plans. All the harbours must strictly implement
the Provisions Concerning Administration of Loading and Unloading for
Foreign Trade Vessels at Chinese Harbours issued by the Ministry of
Communications.
7. The provisions concerning fines in the Stipulations and these
Additional Stipulations shall apply to the eight harbours of Dalian,
Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Shanghai, Huangpu and
Zhanjiang.
8. These Additional Stipulations shall go into effect as of July 1, 1986.


江西省城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理规定

江西省人民政府


江西省城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理规定(附:英文译本)

文号:江西省人民政府令 第167号

  《江西省城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理规定》已经2008年2月23日省人民政府第1次常务会议审议通过,现予公布,自2008年4月1日起施行。
  
  省长 吴新雄
  
  二○○八年三月二十二日
  
  江西省城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理规定
  
  第一条为了做好城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理工作,保障其基本生活权益,完善社会救助制度,根据国务院《城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理办法》的规定,结合本省实际,制定本规定。
  
  第二条本规定所称城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员(以下简称流浪乞讨人员),是指因自身无力解决食宿,无亲友投靠,正在城市流浪乞讨度日的人员。
  
  虽有流浪乞讨行为,但不具备前款规定情形的,不属于救助对象。
  
  第三条县级以上人民政府应当加强对流浪乞讨人员救助工作的领导,建立健全救助工作协调机制,采取积极措施,依法及时救助流浪乞讨人员,并将救助工作所需经费列入财政预算,予以保障。
  
  政府鼓励、支持社会组织和个人救助流浪乞讨人员。社会组织和个人捐赠财产用于救助工作的,依法享受有关税收优惠。
  
  第四条县级以上城市人民政府应当根据需要设立流浪乞讨人员救助站,并在救助站内设置未成年人生活区;有条件的,可以设立流浪未成年人救助保护机构;不设救助站的地方,应当有专人负责救助工作。
  
  救助站应当设置在交通便利、容易查找和远离危险的区域,并配备符合救助工作需要的设施、设备和人员。
  
  第五条救助站对流浪乞讨人员的救助是一项临时性社会救助措施,遵循自愿、无偿的原则,但对无民事行为能力和限制民事行为能力的流浪乞讨人员,应当主动实施救助。
  
  第六条县级以上人民政府民政部门负责本行政区域内流浪乞讨人员的救助工作。设立救助站的人民政府民政部门还应当履行下列职责:
  
  (一)指导、监督救助站贯彻执行有关救助工作的法律、法规、规章和政策;
  
  (二)对救助站工作人员进行教育、培训;
  
  (三)调查、处理救助站及其工作人员违法违纪问题;
  
  (四)协调救助站与其他部门、单位的工作,帮助解决救助工作中的困难和问题;
  
  (五)依法应当履行的其他职责。
  
  第七条县级以上人民政府有关部门按照下列规定履行对流浪乞讨人员的救助职责:
  
  (一)公安、城管和其他有关行政机关对发现的流浪乞讨人员,应当告知其向救助站求助;对其中的残疾人、未成年人、老年人和行动不便的其他人员,应当引导、护送到救助站;对其中的危重病人、精神病人,应当送当地卫生部门确定的定点医疗机构救治或者通知当地急救中心送定点医疗机构救治,并告知当地民政部门或者救助站。对反复纠缠、强行讨要或者以其他滋扰他人的方式乞讨的行为,公安机关应当教育、劝阻。
  
  (二)财政部门负责流浪乞讨人员救助工作经费的落实,并根据当年救助工作实际情况予以调整,同时依法对救助经费的使用情况进行监督。
  
  (三)卫生部门负责确定救治流浪乞讨人员的定点医疗机构,并指导其做好对流浪乞讨人员的救治工作。
  
  (四)交通、铁道等部门应当对救助站或者民政部门为流浪乞讨人员购买乘车(船)凭证,接送流浪乞讨人员进出站提供方便。
  
  (五)发展改革、教育、劳动保障、司法行政和残联等有关部门和单位应当在各自的职责范围内,做好与流浪乞讨人员救助相关的工作。
  
  第八条城区街道办事处、社区居委会的工作人员发现本辖区内有流浪乞讨人员的,应当告知或者引导其前往救助站求助。
  
  第九条码头、车站及流浪乞讨人员活动较多的其他公共场所的管理单位,应当协助救助站在显著位置设置引导牌,标明救助站所在位置及联系电话。救助站对外公开的联系电话应当每天24小时有人接听。
  
  第十条流浪乞讨人员向救助站求助时,应当如实提供本人下列情况:
  
  
  (一)姓名、年龄、本人户籍所在地、住所地;
  
  
  (二)流浪乞讨的原因、时间、经过;
  
  
  (三)近亲属或者其他关系密切亲属的姓名、住址、联系方式;
  
  
  (四)随身携带的物品。
  
  
  对因年老、年幼、残疾等原因无法提供个人情况的,救助站应当先提供救助,再查明情况。
  
  对拒不提供或者不如实提供个人情况的,不予救助。
  
  第十一条救助站应当向求助人员告知救助对象的范围和实施救助的内容,询问与求助需求有关的情况,并对其个人情况予以登记。
  
  对经甄别符合救助条件的求助人员,应当办理入站手续。求助人员随身携带的物品除生活必需品外均由救助站代为保管,离站时归还;对求助人员随身携带的爆炸性、毒害性、放射性、腐蚀性等危险物质或者管制器具、违禁出版物等,救助站应当及时移交有关部门处理。
  
  对经甄别不符合救助条件的求助人员,应当向其说明原因,出具《不予救助通知书》。
  
  第十二条救助站应当根据受助人员的需要提供下列救助:
  
  (一)提供符合食品卫生要求的食物;
  
  (二)提供符合安全卫生基本条件的住处;
  
  (三)对在救助站内突发急病的,及时送定点医疗机构救治;
  
  (四)与其亲属或者所在单位联系;
  
  (五)对没有交通费返回其住所地或者所在单位的,提供乘车(船)凭证。

  
  救助站为受助人员提供的住处,应当按性别分室住宿,老年人、儿童应当与其他受助人员分室住宿,一般实行单人单铺。女性受助人员应当由女性工作人员管理。
  
  对受助人员中的残疾人、未成年人、老年人、孕妇,应当在生活上给予照顾,并给予必要的保护。

  
  第十三条救助站应当根据受助人员的情况确定救助期限,一般不超过10天。有下列情形之一的,报主管民政部门备案后,可以适当延长救助期限:
  
  (一)等待亲属、所在单位或者户籍所在地、住所地民政部门、救助站接回的;
  
  (二)正在接受治疗的;
  
  (三)等待安置的。
  
  第十四条受助人员应当遵守救助站的各项管理制度,服从工作人员的管理,不得有下列行为:
  
  (一)殴打、辱骂救助站工作人员和其他受助人员,无理取闹,扰乱救助管理秩序;

  
  (二)破坏救助设施、设备,损毁、盗窃公私财物;

  
  (三)携带并私藏爆炸性、毒害性、放射性、腐蚀性等危险物质或者管制器具、违禁出版物;

  

  (四)在救助站内酗酒,从事吸毒、赌博等违法犯罪活动;

  

  (五)法律、法规、规章禁止的其他行为。
  
  对受助人员违反前款规定的行为,救助站工作人员应当及时制止;受助人员有违反治安管理行为或者犯罪嫌疑的,救助站应当及时报请公安机关依法处理。
  
  第十五条救助站应当根据受助人员的不同情况,分别作出下列处理:

  (一)能够自行返回的,由救助站提供乘车(船)凭证返回。
  
  (二)对受助的残疾人、未成年人、老年人或者其他行动不便的人员,通知其亲属或者所在单位接回;亲属或者所在单位拒不接回的,省内的由流入地民政部门通知流出地民政部门接回,送其亲属或者所在单位;跨省的由省民政部门通知流出地省(自治区、直辖市)民政部门接回,送其亲属或者所在单位。
  
  (三)对无法查明其亲属或者所在单位,但可以查明其户籍所在地、住所地的受助残疾人、未成年人、老年人及其他行动不便的人员,省内的由流入地民政部门通知流出地民政部门接回,送户籍所在地、住所地安置;跨省的由省民政部门通知流出地省(自治区、直辖市)民政部门接回,送户籍所在地、住所地安置。
  
  (四)对因年老、年幼或者残疾无法认知自己行为、无表达能力,而无法查明其亲属或者所在单位,也无法查明其户籍所在地或者住所地的,由救助站的主管民政部门提出安置方案,报本级人民政府批准后给予安置。
  
  第十六条受助人员有下列情形之一的,救助站应当终止救助:
  
  (一)故意提供虚假个人情况,骗取救助的;
  
  (二)违反本规定第十四条第一款规定,严重扰乱救助管理秩序的;
  
  (三)救助站已按照前条规定,对受助人员作出相应处理的;
  
  (四)救助期限届满,无正当理由不愿离站的;
  
  (五)法律、法规、规章规定应当终止救助的其他情形。
  
  救助站对受助人员依法终止救助的,应当向其说明原因,出具《终止救助通知书》,并办理离站手续。
  
  第十七条受助人员自愿放弃救助离开救助站的,应当事先告知,救助站不得限制。
  
  无民事行为能力和限制民事行为能力的受助人员离开救助站的,须经救助站同意。
  
  受助人员擅自离开救助站的,视为放弃救助。
  
  第十八条对受助期间死亡的受助人员,救助站应当及时报告当地公安机关,由司法鉴定机构或者医疗机构出具死亡证明文件,并及时通知死者亲属或者所在单位;无法查明死者真实情况的,救助站应当及时报告主管民政部门,由民政部门按照殡葬管理的有关规定做好善后工作。
  
  第十九条受助人员户籍所在地、住所地的乡镇、县级人民政府应当帮助返回的受助人员解决生产、生活困难,避免其再次外出流浪乞讨;对确实无家可归的残疾人、未成年人、老年人应当给予安置。
  
  受助残疾人、未成年人、老年人的近亲属或者其他监护人应当主动履行抚养、赡养义务;对遗弃残疾人、未成年人、老年人的近亲属或者其他监护人,受助人员户籍所在地、住所地的乡镇、县级人民政府应当教育其履行抚养、赡养义务。
  
  第二十条救助站应当建立健全岗位责任制、安全责任制、工作人员行为规范等各项管理制度,实行规范化管理,并严格执行财务、捐赠等方面的规定。
  
  救助站应当定期组织工作人员参加业务培训,定期组织工作人员进行健康检查。
  
  第二十一条救助站应当如实记载受助人员入站、离站、获得救助的情况等内容,建立救助档案,并妥善保管。有条件的,应当通过信息化手段管理救助档案。
  
  第二十二条救助站应当建立健全与公安、城管、定点医疗机构等有关部门和单位的协作、配合机制,并加强救助信息沟通,建立救助信息网络系统。
  
  救助站应当建立对食物中毒事件、群体性事件、火灾事故等突发事件的处置机制,制定应急预案并定期组织演练。
  
  第二十三条救助工作人员应当具有承担救助工作的相应能力,增强法制观念和服务意识,并遵守下列规定:
  
  (一)不准拘禁或者变相拘禁受助人员;
  
  (二)不准打骂、体罚或者虐待受助人员;
  
  (三)不准敲诈、勒索、侵吞受助人员的财物;
  
  (四)不准克扣受助人员的生活供应品;
  
  (五)不准扣压受助人员的证件、申诉控告材料;
  
  (六)不准任用受助人员担任管理工作;
  
  (七)不准使用受助人员为工作人员干私活;
  
  (八)不准在工作期间饮酒;
  
  (九)不准调戏妇女。
  
  违反前款规定的,依法给予处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
  
  第二十四条救助站应当在显著位置设立投诉箱,并公告主管民政部门的投诉电话,接受社会监督。
  
  救助站不依法履行救助职责的,求助人员可以向主管民政部门举报;民政部门经查证属实的,应当责令救助站及时提供救助,并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分。
  
  第二十五条主管民政部门不及时受理求助人员举报,不及时责令救助站履行职责,或者对应当安置的受助人员不报请当地人民政府予以安置的,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分。
  
  第二十六条对有胁迫、诱骗或者利用他人乞讨,反复纠缠、强行讨要或者以其他滋扰他人的方式乞讨等违反治安管理行为的,由公安机关依法给予治安管理处罚;以暴力、胁迫手段组织残疾人或者不满十四周岁的未成年人乞讨的,依法追究刑事责任。
  
  第二十七条本规定自2008年4月1日起施行。



英文译本:


Decree No 167 of the People’s Government of Jiangxi Province


Administrative Measures of Jiangxi Province for Assisting Vagrants and Beggars with No Means of Support in Cities, adopted at the 1st Executive Meeting of the People’s Government of Jiangxi Province on February 23, 2008, are hereby promulgated and shall go into effect as of April 1, 2008.


Governor: Wu Xinxiong

March 22, 2008


Administrative Measures of Jiangxi Province for
Assisting Vagrants and Beggars with No Means of Support in Cities


Article 1. In order to efficiently administrate the work for assisting vagrants and beggars with no means of support in cities, guarantee their basic living rights and interests and improve the social assistance systems, these Measures are enacted with a full consideration of the realities of the province and in accordance with Measures for Assisting Vagrants and Beggars with no Means of Support in Cities promulgated by the State Council.

Article 2. Vagrants and beggars with no means of support in cities (hereafter called “vagrants and beggars”) as stipulated in these Measures refer to the persons who cannot afford board and lodging themselves, have no relatives or friends to depend on, and are roaming about and begging in the cities every day.
Those who do not comply with the stipulations specified in the proceeding paragraph are not objects of the assistance despite their roaming and begging acts.

Article 3. The government at county level or above shall strengthen its leadership over the work for assisting vagrants and beggars, establishing and improving the coordination mechanism for the assistance work, taking effective measures to assist vagrants and beggars in time according to law, and incorporate the assistance funds into the fiscal budget to ensure that the assistance work gets financial allocations.
The government encourages and supports any social organization or individual to provide assistance to vagrants and beggars. Any social organization or individual that has donated properties to such assistance shall be entitled to preferential treatment in taxation.

Article 4. The municipal people’s government at county level or above shall establish assistance station for vagrants and beggars and set up special living areas for minor vagrants and beggars within the assistance station according to the actual needs. When conditions permit, organizations for assistance and protection of minor vagrants can be established. In a city where no such assistance station has been established yet, it is necessary to hold some staff members responsible for the assistance work.
The assistance station shall be conveniently located, accessible and far from dangerous areas. Besides, the assistance station shall be provided with necessary facilities, equipment and staff members for the assistance work.

Article 5. The assistances offered by an assistance station to vagrants and beggars are merely temporary social ones, which should be offered on a voluntary and free-of-charge basis. However, the assistance station shall take the initiative to assist vagrants and beggars with no capacity or with limited capacity for civil conduct.

Article 6. Civil affairs department of the people’s government at county level or above shall be responsible for the work of assisting vagrants and beggars within its administrative region. The civil affairs department of the people’s government that has established an assistance station shall perform the following duties:
(1) Guide and supervise the assistance station in its implementation of the laws, regulations, rules and policies concerning the assistance work;
(2) Offer the necessary education and training to the staff members of the assistance station;
(3) Investigate the assistance station or its staff members involved in violation of laws and disciplines, and settle the problems properly;
(4) Coordinate the assistance station with other organs and departments concerned, and help them solve the difficulties and problems encountered in practical assistance work;
(5) Perform other duties in accordance with law.

Article 7. The departments concerned of the people’s government at county level or above shall perform their respective duties in assisting vagrants and beggars according to the provisions specified below:
(1) The public security, urban management or other administrative department, if finding any vagrants and beggars, shall be obliged to inform them that they can ask for assistance in the local assistance station. As for the disabled, the minor or the aged vagrants and beggars or other such persons with difficulties in mobility, the staff members from these departments shall instruct or accompany them to the assistance station. In case the vagrants and beggars are patients in critical conditions or with mental diseases, the staff members from these departments shall send them to the medical organization specially designated by the local civil affairs department or inform the local first-aid center to immediately send them to the designated medical organization for medical treatment and meanwhile notify the local civil affairs department or assistance station of what has happened. Any person who continually pesters or forcibly begs from another person or begs by other irritating means shall be educated and persuaded to stop doing so by the public security department.
(2) The financial department shall be responsible for realizing financial allocations for assisting vagrants and beggars, make appropriate adjustments to the allocated funds with a full consideration of the actual need of the assistance in the corresponding year, while supervising whether the assistance funds were spent in accordance with law.
(3) The public health department shall designate some medical organizations to provide medical treatment services for vagrants and beggars, and give the organizations specific guidance for efficient implementation of the assistance work.
(4) The transportation or railway department shall give every possible aid to the assistance station or the civil affairs department for buying bus, train or ship tickets for the vagrants and beggars as well as sending them aboard and helping them get off a train, ship or plane.
(5) The development & reform, education, labor & social security, judicial administration departments, disabled persons’ federation as well as the relevant departments and units shall well perform their respective duties in connection with the assistance work.

Article 8. If the staff members in urban sub-district office or community residents’ committee have found any vagrant or beggar within the area under their jurisdiction, they shall tell the vagrant or beggar to ask for assistance in the local assistance station or take him/her to the station for assistance.

Article 9. Departments responsible for the administration of public places such as wharves, railway and bus stations, where there are usually more vagrants and beggars, shall give the local assistance station some necessary aids while setting up road signs to show the location and telephone number of the assistance station. The assistance station which has made public its telephone number shall assign special staff members to answer the telephone 24 hours a day.

Article 10. When asking for assistance from an assistance station, a vagrant or beggar shall faithfully provide his/her information as follows:
(1) Name, age, place of registered permanent residence, and domicile;
(2) The reason for, time and course of ,vagrancy and begging;
(3) Names, addresses, and contact methods of his/her near relatives and other relatives with close relationship;
(4) The articles he/she carries along.
If the vagrant or beggar asking for assistance is unable to provide his/her personal information since he/she is too old, too young or disabled, the assistance station shall render assistance first before finding the relevant information.
Also no assistance will be rendered to those who refuse to provide their personal information or don’t provide their personal information faithfully.

Article 11. The assistance station shall tell the vagrant or beggar asking for assistance about the scope of assisted objects and the contents of the assistance offered, and shall inquire about the information relating to the assistance needs and register the personal information of that vagrant or beggar.
If the person asking for assistance is found qualified for the assistance, he/she shall go through the formalities for acceptance by the station. The articles he/she carries along, except the living necessities, shall be kept by the station, and returned to him/her when he/she leaves the station. The explosive, poisonous, radioactive, corrosive and other dangerous articles as well as implements under control and forbidden publications that the person asking for assistance carries along shall be immediately handed over to the departments concerned for proper disposal.
If the person asking for assistance is found unqualified for it, the station will render no assistance to him/her, and meanwhile give the reasons and issue a Notice for Not Offering Assistance.

Article 12. The assistance station shall provide the following assistances according to the needs of the assisted persons:
(1) Providing food in conformity with the requirements on food hygiene;
(2) Providing a lodging place that meets the basic safety and sanitary conditions;
(3) Sending him/her to the designated medical organization for treatment in case the assisted person suddenly suffers from acute disease in the assistance station;
(4) Contacting the assisted person’s relatives or workplace;
(5) Providing him/her with a ticket or its equivalent for taking bus, train or ship in case the assisted person has no money to pay the traveling expenses for return to his/her domicile or workplace;
The assistance station shall provide the assisted persons with lodging places according to their sexes. If the assisted persons are the aged or children, they shall be arranged to live separately from other assisted persons, and each of them shall be provided with a separate bed. If the assisted persons are female, they shall be managed by female staff members.
If the assisted persons are the disabled, the minors, the aged or pregnant women, they shall be specially taken care of and protected in their daily lives.

Article 13. The assistance station shall determine the period of assistance according to the situation of an assisted person, and generally the period shall not exceed 10 days. However, under any of the following circumstances, the period may be extended if the extension has been reported for the record to the competent authority for civil affairs:
(1) The assisted person is waiting to be taken home by his/her relatives, staff members from his/her workplace, or staff members from the civil affairs department or assistance station in his/her registered permanent residence.
(2) The assisted person is receiving medical treatment.
(3) The assisted person is waiting for settlement.

Article 14. The assisted person shall follow the management rules of the assistance station and obey the staff members’ management. He or she shall not commit any of the following acts:
(1) Beat or scold the staff members of the assistance station or other assisted persons, make trouble out of nothing, or disturb the order of the assistance work;
(2) Damage the assisting facilities or equipment, or damage or steal public or personal properties;
(3) Carry or conceal any explosive, poisonous, radioactive, corrosive and other dangerous articles including controlled implements and forbidden publications;
(4) Indulge in excessive drinking, take addictive drugs or engage in gambling and other illegal or criminal activities;
(5) Commit other acts prohibited by laws, regulations and rules;
If an assisted person commits any of the acts mentioned above, the staff members in the assistance station shall stop him/her in time. In case the assisted person commits any acts in violation of the security administration regulations or is suspected of having committed a crime, the assistance station shall immediately report to the public security department for handling according to law.

Article 15. An assistance station shall, according to the situation of the assisted person, properly settle him/her down in the following ways:
(1) If the assisted person can return by himself/herself, the assistance station shall issue him/her a certificate or ticket-equivalent for taking a train, bus or ship.
(2) With respect to an assisted person who is disabled, a minor, an aged person or has difficulties in mobility, the assistance station shall notify his/her relatives or workplace to take him/her back. Where the relatives or workplace refuse to do so, if the assisted person is within the province, the civil affairs department of the place where the assisted person is currently roaming around shall notify the corresponding department of the place from which the assisted person has departed, of taking the person back to his/her relatives or workplace; if the assisted person is transprovincial, the civil affairs department of the province he or she is currently roaming around shall notify the corresponding department of the province (autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government) which the assisted person has departed from, of taking the person back to his/her relatives or workplace.
(3) With respect to an assisted person who is disabled, a minor, an aged person or has difficulties in mobility, and whose relatives or workplace can’t be found, but whose place of registered permanent residence or domicile can be ascertained, if the assisted person is within the province, the civil affairs department of the place where the assisted person is currently roaming around shall notify the corresponding department of the place from which the assisted person has departed, of taking the person back to his/her registered permanent residence or domicile for settlement; if the assisted person is transprovincial, the provincial civil affairs department shall notify the corresponding department of the province (autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government) from which the assisted person has departed, of taking the person back to his/her registered permanent residence or domicile for settlement.
(4) With respect to an assisted person who is too old, too young, or disabled, and is unable to cognize his/her acts or to express himself/herself, and therefore neither his/her relatives nor workplace nor his/her registered permanent residence or domicile can be verified, the competent authority for civil affairs of the assistance station shall put forward a settlement scheme and report to the people’s government at the corresponding level for approval or the settlement.

Article 16. The assistance station shall terminate its assistance to the assisted person under any of the following circumstances;
(1) The assisted person is found to have intentionally provided false personal information to cheat the station out of assistance.
(2) The assisted person has violated the provisions as stipulated in Section (1), Article 14 of these Measures and seriously disturbed the administrative order of the assistance station.
(3) The assistance station has properly settled down the assisted person according to the provisions in preceding paragraphs.
(4) The assisted person would not leave the assistance station without justified reasons after expiration of the period of assistance.
(5) Under the circumstance the assistance should be terminated if it is so required by relevant laws, regulations and rules.
When the assistance station terminates its assistance to the assisted person in accordance with law, it shall give the reasons, issue a Notice for Termination of Assistance, and go through the formalities for the departure of the assisted person from the station.

Article 17. Where an assisted person waives the assistance of his/her own accord and leaves the assistance station, he/she shall notify the assistance station of the waiver in advance, and the station may not restrict that assisted person.
Where an assisted person with no capacity or with limited capacity for civil conduct is to leave the assistance station, he/she must first obtain the consent of the assistance station.
An assisted person leaving the assistance station without notification shall be regarded as waiving the assistance.

Article 18. In the event that an assisted person dies during the valid period of the assistance, the assistance station shall promptly report such death to the local public security department, and the judicial identification organization or medical organization will issue a death certificate and notify his/her relatives or workplace of the death in time. If the true information related to the dead is not available, the assistance station shall promptly report it to the competent authority for civil affairs, and the latter ought properly to settle the problems arising thereafter according to the administrative regulations on funeral and interment.

Article 19. The people’s government at the township or county level of the place where the assisted person’s registered permanent residence or domicile exists, shall take measures to help the returned assisted person to solve the difficulties in production and living, and refrain him/her from roaming and begging elsewhere again; and the government shall appropriately settle the disabled, the minors and the aged that are really homeless.
The near relatives or other guardians of the assisted person who is disabled, a minor or an aged person, should perform the obligations of support and maintenance; with respect to the near relatives or other guardians that abandoned the disabled, minors or the aged, the above-mentioned government should educate and persuade them to perform the obligations of support and maintenance.
Article 20. The assistance station shall establish and perfect its various management systems such as post responsibility system, safety responsibility system and conduct codes for staff members. Furthermore, it shall carry out standardized administration and strictly implement the regulations for financial management and donation.
The assistance station shall organize its staff members to take part in various work-related trainings and take physical examinations on a regular basis.

Article 21. The assistance station shall keep a faithful record the assisted persons’ information including their acceptance by the station; departure from the station and the assistance provided, etc., and shall build up assistance achieves and take good care of them. If conditions permit, information-technology may be adopted in management of the assistance archives.

Article 22. The assistance station shall establish and perfect its mechanisms for cooperation with the public security department, urban management department, designated medical organization as well as other departments and units concerned. Meanwhile it shall intensify its efforts in exchange and share of the assistance information with departments concerned, and establish assistance information network system.
Besides, the assistance station is required to establish the mechanism to cope with various emergent accidents, such as food poisoning accident, group accident or fire accident. Preliminary programs for rapid response to such emergent accidents shall be worked out, and exercises be organized on a regular basis.

Article 23. The staff members in the assistance station should be competent enough to undertake various assistance tasks. Moreover, they should enhance their legal awareness and service awareness, and consciously abide by the following provisions:
(1) Not to detain any assisted person or do so in a disguised form;
(2) Not to beat, scold, physically punish or maltreat any assisted person;
(3) Not to extort, blackmail or misappropriate any property of the assisted person;
(4) Not to embezzle the living supplies of any assisted person’;
(5) Not to withhold the certificate, complaint or accusation materials of any assisted person;
(6) Not to appoint any assisted person to assume any administration work;
(7) Not to use any assisted person to do private work for themselves;
(8) Not to drink wine during work time;
(9) Not to take liberties with any woman;
Any staff member who violates the provisions mentioned above shall be given sanctions; in case that a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

Article 24. The assistance station shall put a box for complaints at the eye-catching place and make public the complaint telephone number of the competent authority for civil affairs so as to accept social supervision.
Where an assistance station fails to perform its assistance duties according to law, the person asking for assistance may disclose and report it to the competent authority for civil affairs. The competent authority for civil affairs shall, after verifying the case, order that assistance station to provide assistance in time, and give sanctions to the personnel in charge held directly liable and other directly liable personnel.

Article 25. If the competent authority for civil affairs fails to accept the report from the person asking for assistance in time, fails to order the assistance station to perform its duties in time, or fails to refer to the local people’s government the matter of settling the assisted person who should be settled, the personnel in charge held directly liable and other directly liable personnel shall be given sanctions according to law.

Article 26. Whoever coerces or induces someone to beg, or continually pesters or forcibly begs from him or her or begs by other irritating means is in violation of the security administration regulations; he/she shall be penalized by the public security department according to law on violation of security administration regulations. Whoever organizes the disabled or a minor under the age of fourteen to beg by means of violence or coercion shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

Article 27. These measures shall go into effect as of April 1, 2008.


中国期货市场发展与期货法制创新

胡茂刚


世纪之交,中国期货市场面对深化市场经济体制改革、加入世贸组织的历史性契机,在“稳步发展期货市场”的方针、政策指引下,终于摆脱持续数年的低靡,迎来了市场发展的重大转机。中国经济与世界经济的直接对话,无疑加剧了市场波动的风险。期货市场发现价格、规避风险、沟通产销、锁定成本利润、节约交易费用、营造市场竞争秩序等多种功能勿庸置疑地说明:只有建立起以期货及衍生金融工具为中心的风险管理机制,才能有效化解国民经济运行的内在风险。1
不可否认,制约我国期货市场发展的法律瓶颈依然存在,检讨有关法律法规并不意味着我们对其在治理整顿过程中所起的积极作用的否定。由于《期货法》尚处于起草和研究阶段,目前规范国内期货市场的法规体系主要包括国务院于1999年制定的《期货交易管理暂行条例》(以下简称条例)、《期货交易所管理办法》、《期货经纪公司管理办法》、《期货经纪公司高级管理人员任职资格管理办法》、《期货业从业人员资格管理办法》。探讨期货法规特别是条例的修订,我们不能脱离当时期货市场高速、盲目和不规范运作的背景,时过境迁,从治理整顿的效果、市场经济的改革、入世带来的风险、风险管理的需求角度重新审视法规的部分条款,我们也同样不能否认法规具有明显的过渡性,有些条款难以适应变化了的市场环境,已经不符合期货市场规范发展新阶段的要求,甚至制约了期货业的可持续发展。今天我们思考期货法规的清理与修订,正是本着与时俱进的精神对历史的“扬弃”。“法制作为经济生活的记载,总是植根于一定的经济生活而又落后于变化的经济生活。”(马克思语)通过法制创新从而推动经济增长,已经成为法治国家格外关注的课题,期货市场法制完善只是法制落后于众多现实需要的缩影而已。本文拟从期货市场发展的角度阐述我国期货立法的完善。

一、期货市场的三级管理制度
无论欧美还是亚洲国家,对于期货市场的监管,分为三个层次进行:第一个层次为交易所的一线监管。……第二个层次为期货业协会的自律管理。……第三个层次为国家的宏观管理。……2
(一)政府对市场的宏观调控。政府与市场的关系作为经济学古老而常新的课题,经历了国家干预与自由放任两大截然对立的兴衰交替史。市场经济条件下,我们争论的已不是国家是否可以干预市场的问题,需要回答的是干预什么,如何干预的难题。作为后发国家,我们清醒地认识到市场经济的改革呼唤有限政府的建立。3打破政府全能的权力结构,把微观经济活动交由市场调节,是“有限政府”第一要义;重视政府的作用,但不让政府取代市场,而是要求国家在市场经济稳定运行这一更广泛的意义上提供良好的社会法律环境。4党的十五大有关“政府有进有退、有所为有所不为”的主张事实上为我们理解政府与市场在资源配置问题上提供了很好的注脚。值得注意的是,今年以来,证券期货监管部门奉行“市场化改革”的清晰思路,明确提出按市场化原则加快期货市场立法,及时调整法规、政策,以适应期货市场规范化发展的需要,从这一角度来看,市场化有助于政府职能的合理定位和监管层明晰改革重点。5
因此,在期货市场发展的问题上,一方面,有必要强化中国证监会作为监管部门的权限,减少因部门协调造成的低效,在国务院领导下,授予证监会在期货市场发展问题上的决策权,通过政府制度创新推动市场化进程,把工作的重心由对期货市场消极作用的防范和限制转变为侧重对市场的培育和引导。另一方面,如果说期货市场建立初期维护公共利益是期货市场管理的首要目标的话,那么在期货市场整顿规范后,保护投资者利益就成为期货市场管理的首要目标。证监会既然定位于证券期货市场的监管部门而非主管部门,决心把投资者合法权益的保护作为重中之重,并上升到关系期货市场存在、发展前提和基础的重要高度来认识,那么在期货立法问题上亦应以保护投资者合法权益为优先的指导思想。6对此,可参照证券立法,将《条例》第一条表述为:为了规范期货交易行为,保护投资者的合法权益,维护期货市场经济秩序和社会公共利益,促进社会主义市场经济的发展,特制定本条例。毕竟投资者合法权益的保护是期货市场的基石,是期货市场秩序稳定的保证,次序的位移旨在说明期货投资者的合法权益有格外优位保护的必要。
(二)期货业协会的自律管理。政府广泛监管权限的行使,并不凡妨碍行业自律功能的发挥。“需要加深认识的是,协会对其会员的监督和自律管理是政府监管的重要补充,其作用是监管部门无法代替的。”7国外期货市场管理体系中,行业的自我管理占据着重要地位,它主要以“协会”或“联合会”的形式出现,专注于行业自治、协调和自我管理。譬如美国的全国期货协会(NFA)即是由美国期货行业和市场用户共同支持、共同参加的自我管理组织。中国期货市场从1995年7月20日着手筹备期货业协会到2000年12月底正式成立,整整历经六年时光,期间期货市场的不规范无不与第二层次——协会自律管理体系的缺失紧密相连。尽管期货业协会已经成立,但在立法上还存在空白,其法律地位急待肯定;此外,为加强协会的作用,建议在现有的8项职责权限外,赋予其以下权力:①提出期货交易管理新规则的修正方案,请求政府批准实施;②有权要求对会员进行财务监察和业务监察;③基于期货行业特殊的专业性,参照国际惯例,探索仲裁法的修订,赋予协会独立的仲裁权。8
  (三)期货交易所的一线监管。“商业道德对人们的约束,从根本上说是市场长期利益对人们的约束”。9期货交易所的第一线监管,是期货市场管理的灵魂。交易所日常自我管理主要通过章程、规则和办法来进行,譬如芝加哥商品交易所的规则多达3314条,10 看似繁琐却有效地维系着期货市场的生存。从当前我国有关期货交易所的规定来看,有必要从以下方面入手改善自我管理能力:①网络技术的发展、经济全球化的机遇、投资活动的自由化等外部环境的变化,使传统会员制交易所面对的垄断市场和交易非自动化的基础不复存在,公司制已成为越来越多交易所的选择。11期货交易所长期以来虽然作为企业看待,但一直受非盈利的限制,严重削弱了企业提升技术手段、改进自身服务质量的内在动力。因此,有必要重新界定期货交易所,在建立真正的会员制的基础上,俟条件成熟时明确交易所的盈利性,加快股份制改造步伐,适时选择上市募集资本,应对全球金融一体化带来的挑战。12同时,期货交易所在市场监管的核心地位有待进一步提高,对此可比照证券交易所,赋予其享有更广泛的监管权力和相机处理权限。②从结算体系来看,顺应期货市场发展趋势,引进统一结算制度迫在眉睫。完整、有效的风险分担机制有赖于独立于交易所的清算公司和担保公司(或合而为一)的建立,形成交易所、清算公司和会员三者之间的三角制衡模式,使其承担结算、风险管理和履约担保功能。③根据现实情况和发展需求,适当时机将交易所会员分为结算会员和非结算会员,增加风险分担的层级。在吸纳、批准结算会员的标准上,综合考察信誉优良、资本雄厚、组织机构健全、经营业绩上乘的会员的基本情况,按结算保证金制度的规定向结算所缴纳保证金。通过结算会员制的实施,使交易所直接面对众多会员进行交易风险控制变成只对少数会员进行资金控制和结算,既降低交易系统的运作风险,又可有效提高交易系统效率,强化市场监管,防止违规行为,期货市场的健康运作就得到了保证。13《条例》第8条有关期货交易所经纪会员和非经纪会员的简单划分亟待改进。

二、期货品种创新与新品种上市机制改革
(一)期市的品种创新
1、国际期货品种创新的新发展。随着市场经济的发展,需要进行风险管理的行业越多,就越需要品种丰富、功能齐全的期货市场来分散和转移风险。全球商品期货市场经过150年的发展,目前共有商品期货和期权93类商品267个品种。以美国为例,早在19世纪后半期就先后上市了谷物、棉花、咖啡、可可、柑橘等多种农产品。进入20世纪,期货市场的品种创新进入工业领域。1971年以后,相继推出的外汇、利率和股指三大金融品种更是将期货市场蓬勃的生命力一览无遗。14一定意义上,上市品种的多寡直接关系到交易所竞争力的高低和国家的经济安全,上市品种的开发成为期货市场重点关注的课题。
2、尽快开发大宗商品期货品种,形成大品种为主,大小品种共存的合理布局。15我国期货市场十一年试点、期间七年整顿的艰苦历程从侧面说明:随着市场经济改革的不断深入,期货市场的规范整顿已基本到位,期货市场的外部环境正发生着有利于步入高速发展快车道的深刻变化,这一趋势伴随中国加入世贸组织将更加明显。面对入世给中国农业、工业及服务业带来的巨大价格风险和激烈市场竞争的挑战,我国期货市场有限的几个品种严重制约和影响了期货市场经济功能的发挥和行业的自身发展,期货市场的品种创新成为当务之急。当前,我国期货市场上市的品种太少,结构单一,保留下来的12个期货品种中只有7个挂牌交易,至于活跃品种就更少了。由于缺乏国民经济风险规避急需的大宗农产品(如玉米、大米等)、战略性品种(如线材、石油、贵金属),国际商品市场由供求关系引起的经常性的大幅价格波动往往给中国农户、经营者和消费者带来意想不到的损失。市场化和国际化程度的提高要求我们积极推进商品期货市场的建设和发展,尽快上市交易如玉米、大米、棉花、白糖、石油等在国际市场占有较大比重或有较大的影响、关系国计民生的大宗商品期货品种。16
3、稳步推进金融期货品种。离开占80%份额的金融期货品种,期货市场可以说是不完整的金融市场。由于各种原因,我国在1996年叫停金融期货之后至今未恢复交易。适时推出金融期货品种,有利于增强我国资本市场的抗风险能力。我国证券市场潜伏的系统性和非系统性风险提醒我们:没有股指期货作为证券的避险工具,证券经营机构,证券投资、保险、社保基金等机构投资者大规模入市将承受单边作多的巨大风险;周边国家和地区正拟推出中国股指期货,必然对中国股票现货市场构成影响,加之股市近期的深幅调整使股指期货呼之欲出;17利率的市场化进程将加大金融机构对分散利率风险的需求,呼唤国债期货的诞生;综合国力的增强使人民币最终走向自由化成为时间问题,当人民币成为硬通货时,开展外汇期货交易对于巩固我国经济地位具有划时代的意义。
在管理层酝酿推出股指期货品种时,我们应当从法制创新的角度为金融期货的推出扫除法律障碍,建议修改以下相关法规:①《证券法》第35条规定证券交易以现货进行交易,实际上排除了允许证券进行期货交易的可能性; 第36条禁止券商向客户融券的行为又从理论上否决了单只股票的期货交易。②《期货交易管理暂行条例》第30条明文排斥金融机构作为交易适格主体的可能性,很难想象,缺乏众多机构投资者的参与,市场的规模、功能和风险控制会尽如人意。法律上的障碍不解决,股指期货这一有望率先推出的金融品种就不可能面世。18
(二)新品种上市机制改革
尽管目前我国期货市场上市新品种呼声高涨,成为有识之士的共识,令人遗憾的是受期货品种上市机制的制约,新品种的上市受到限制,有关品种上市机制的改革刻不容缓。
根据1998年《国务院关于进一步整顿和规范期货市场的通知》和1999年《条例》规定,中国证监会依法获得上市、终止、取消和恢复期货品种的资格和权力。但实际运作决策程序复杂,过程冗长,三年来,中国证监会并未获得新批一个新品种的权力,以致有学者喟叹:“当年暂停期货品种由国务院下文,新批期货品种是否还应由国务院下文。”财经杂志2001年5月号报道,中国证监会曾经希望获得审批期货品种的权限,但上报国务院后,一直尚无定论。其主要原因在于我国期货品种上市机制没有真正实现规范化和制度化,值得深思。
在这方面,日本10年前修改《交易所法》,从严格限制期货市场转变到发展期货市场的经验措施或许能给我们以启迪:过去日本一直实行“有益论”,即必须证明上市新品种对社会是有益的,然后报期货市场政府主管部门部长批准实施。1990年以后,将上市期货新品种由“有益论”改为“无害论”,即交易所根据发展需要,可先行试验上市任何期货新品种,经过两年试运行并论证对社会无害之后,再报政府主管部门部长批准正式上市,这样极大简化了上市程序,提高了市场效率。19美国也采取了类似作法,政府把重心放在新品种上市规则的制定上,而把开发、决定新品种的权力赋予交易所,当市场有较大需求时提请CFTC批准正式上市,推动了期货市场的高速发展。20
为完善期货品种上市体制和上市方式,借鉴国外经验,结合我国实际情况,建立科学的期货品种上市决策制度:
1、出于过渡考虑,先专门成立期货品种上市审批委员会,其成员由证监会、国家计委、经贸委、体改委等部委代表及行业代表和有关专家学者组成,以投票方式审批交易所提交的申请,每年上半年、下半年各召开一次会议,对拟上市品种进行论证和审批,写出书面反馈意见。如未获通过,应在书面反馈意见中说明不批准原因。需要声明的是,这一做法只是权宜之计。笔者认为,面对迫切发展期货市场的新形势,期货监管层保持适度的宽松是宏观规制高水平的艺术体现。
2、试行品种上市由审批制到核准制的转变。可以预见,市场化将成为未来期货市场长期发展的潮流,交易品种的发展潜力和投资价值应由市场决定而非政府判断。建议授权交易所并由交易所通过在内部设立新品种委员会,负责开发对规避风险和发现价格需求强烈且具有投资价值的期货品种,设计科学的标准合约,制定可行的风险控制措施,并对品种的发展潜力作出合理的预测,报经证监会核准后即可上市交易。我们没有必要担心实行期货品种核准制后,品种过多过滥的历史会再度重演,毕竟期货市场发展的外部环境已非90年代初期可比,加上出于形象、效益的考虑,交易所没有理由不谨慎从事。建议参照我国股票市场的做法,在《条例》中增加一条:国务院证券监督管理机构设期货品种上市审核委员会,21依法审核交易所品种上市申请。品种上市审核委员会由国务院证券监督管理机构的专业人员和所聘请的该机构外的有关专家组成,以投票方式对品种上市申请进行表决,要求经三分之二以上绝对多数方能通过,并提出审核意见。

三、期货经纪公司组织制度创新和业务创新
期货经纪公司作为期货市场最具创新意识、最具活力的重要市场参与者,走过了十年的风雨历程,曾经经历了无序发展与治理整顿两个阶段。当期货市场新一轮勃兴机遇来临时,能否建立符合国际惯例又具有中国特色的期货公司组织管理模式,是直接关系到期货市场盛衰兴败的重要保证。22科学的组织管理模式有助于提高期货经纪业的整体素质和管理水平,良好的业务服务是期货公司管理的永恒主题。由于受组织制度和业务范围的束缚,期货经纪公司在资本市场迅猛发展的浪潮中相对显得裹足不前,与期货市场宏观基本面回暖的背景极不相称,急需改善:
(一)借鉴证券公司的组织模式,建立期货公司新型组织形式。
1、实行分类管理。在考察期货公司资本实力、盈利能力、无形资产、交易活跃程度、持续经营状况、规则遵守情况等多重因素的基础上,探索综合类期货公司与经纪类期货公司的分类管理。加快期货经营机构的结构调整,形成以少量规模大的综合类公司为骨干,以经纪类期货公司为补充的稳定结构。23当前我国期货公司的实力很难适应今后期货业的发展需要。据统计,在全国近200家期货经纪公司中,80%以上的公司注册资本刚好达到《条例》规定的3000万元的下限。因此,在考虑综合类公司的设立标准时,建议规定如下:①注册资本最低限额为人民币二亿元;②主要管理人员和业务人员必须具有期货从业资格;③有固定的生产经营场所和合格的交易设施;④有健全的管理制度和规范的自营业务与经纪业务相分离的分业管理体系;⑤法律、法规和中国证监会规定的其他条件。至于经纪类公司最低资本应不低于5000万元下限。此外要求:①期货公司必须在名称中标明期货有限责任公司和期货股份有限公司字样;②为维护交易安全,经纪类期货公司必须在名称中标明经纪字样以示区别。
2、鼓励期货经纪公司增资扩股,兼并重组,为提升期货公司的整体实力创造法制条件。根据保险、证券法律法规规定,其资金运用不得投资于实业,其中当然也包括期货行业。24此外,《期货经纪公司管理办法》禁止外资参股期货公司,成为期货公司的股东,25一定程度限制了期货经纪公司筹资渠道,不利于改善当前公司治理结构中“一股独大”的弊端。中国入世使我们清醒认识到我国市场经济法律特别是商事法存在着与世贸组织规则以及国际惯例接轨的需要,这就要求我们严格按国际社会认同的全球经济规则运作,摒弃不合时宜的“中国特色”。为壮大期货公司注册资本和经营实力,建议:①尽快出台《证券公司管理办法》和《保险公司管理办法》,允许保险公司、证券公司通过控股集团的形式介入期货业;②允许符合条件的外资适当时间参股期货公司,但持股比例不超过33%。
(二)明确期货公司的法律地位。《条例》和四个配套办法的颁布实施,对倍受争议的期货市场给予应有的法律地位,为探讨期市发展提供了广阔的想象空间。另一方面,对期货公司各项限制条款共同作用的结果,使期货公司成了不伦不类的“四不象”:理论上属于金融业,但不属于央行管理;宏观规制纳入证监会序列,但无任何金融权利;会计核算执行饮食服务业而非金融服务业会计制度,但又不同于一般服务业;无贷款权也无权为他人提供担保,连一般企业具有的“国民待遇”都无法享受。
(三)积极拓展期货经纪公司的多种业务。目前经纪公司受法规限制,只能从事期货经纪(代理),26品种的缺乏加上业务的单一,造成市场的长期低靡。要使期货公司成为期货市场举足轻重的机构投资者,有必要打破《条例》第25条规定限制,扩大期货公司的经营范围,使综合类期货公司除经纪业务外,有望从事期货自营、委托理财、设立期货投资咨询公司、参与发起设立期货投资基金和期货基金管理公司等业务。
(四)开展境内业务的同时,稳步推进境外业务的开放。①优先考虑选择部分实力较强、管理规范的综合性期货公司代理国内客户从事境外期货交易,27建议允许有迫切需求的国有企业从事境外套期保值业务,适当时机放宽《条例》第49条禁止期货经纪公司从事境外期货交易的规定。28起步阶段,国内期货公司成为境外期交所和结算公司的会员难度较大,可先选择国外实力雄厚、经验丰富的期货公司或国外期交所的一级会员作为二级代理,时机成熟后再有限度地开放国内期货市场。②借鉴证券业作法,允许交易所试点吸收境外期货公司作为特别会员,经批准从事某些品种交易。29③选择少数综合性期货公司接受境外客户进行期货交易;组建中外合资期货公司。④开放初期,采取符合资格的外国机构投资者(QFII)制度,允许直接投资国内期货市场。

四、为机构投资者进入期货市场提供制度保障
期货市场为套期保值者提供了发现合理价格与风险规避的功能,但如果市场集中交易聚集的风险不能有效分散至投资者和投机者,则将导致整个市场的失衡,其中一重要原因在于市场投资主体的缺陷,即套期保值者、套利者、投机者之间的不合理结构。30在一个相对封闭的市场中,若套期保值者所要转移的风险远远大于投机者或投资者所能承受的能力,必然导致市场交易不活跃,市场流动性差;反之,若套期保值者所要转移的风险远小于投机者或投资者所能承受的能力,那么期货合约仅仅成为一个过度炒作、投机的符号而酿成风险。31目前,中国期货市场机构投资者严重缺乏,不利于期货市场功能的发挥。因此,如何为机构投资者入市创造法律条件,是稳步发展期货市场,防范和控制期货市场风险的重要保障。
(一)积极培养套期保值者,改变不合理的投资主体结构。除了加强套期保值功能的宣传,必须从制度上制定切实可行的优惠措施吸引保值者入市。32套期保值的风险相对小于投机风险,但目前我国期货市场在保证金管理方面并未对套期保值头寸与投机头寸进行区分,影响了保值者入市的积极性,导致市场弥漫浓重的投机气氛。因此,可考虑为保值者降低初始保证金和追加保证金的标准,在手续费的收取方面适当有所倾斜;进入交割月份后,对保值者不再追加保证金,为其节省流动资金,提高资金运用效率。除此之外,现代企业的流动资金绝大部分是信贷资金,而企业资金“瓶颈”问题一直制约套期保值的规模,我国应借鉴美国作法,鼓励农场主、农民入市作卖期套保,并提供信贷资金或财政资金支持以锁定经营风险。《条例》第47条既不允许任何单位和个人使用信贷资金和财政资金参与期货交易,也不允许金融机构为期货交易融资或者提供担保。33应尽快纠正对套期保值和投机不予区分的“一刀切”的做法,鼓励银行将资金贷给进行套期保值业务的企业。
(二)改革财务会计制度,平衡现货盈亏和期货损益情况。套期保值者参与市场的目的不是追求额外利润,而是通过买卖种类、数量相同,交易方向相反的合约交易来锁定成本,从而确定预期利润。34对套期保值者来说,无须关心现货价或期货价的涨跌,因为保值的结果不是现货亏损期货盈利就是现货盈利期货亏损。由于现行企业会计制度不配套,期货交易与现货交易分别核算,在对企业经营状况进行考核时,只注意期货帐面发生的亏损,而忽视统计现货交易实现的盈利,从而损害企业进行套期保值的积极性,有必要在综合考量现货和期货交易最终损益的基础上评判保值者的经营绩效。
(三)逐步放宽对国有企业入市的限制
市场经济条件下,市场主体的地位是平等的,其行为能力可以有强弱之分,但权利能力却无高低之别。换言之,与市场经济相适应的法律,重心不在于对市场过程进行干预,也不在于对市场竞争后的结果进行调整,而在于进入市场前对各类市场主体公平竞争地位的安排上。35就期货市场而言,国有大中型企业更是套期保值的主要需求者,套保比例失衡的主要原因并不是因为保值的需求不够而在于现行制度的失范:《条例》第48条限制国有企业只能从事套期保值业务并且品种仅限于其生产经营或者生产所需的原材料,不仅禁止了自营业务的开展,并且严格限制了套期保值的范围。市场经济条件下,国有企业究竟是特殊企业还是一般企业?如果承认国有企业为一般企业,就应该赋予其与其他企业同场竞技的权利,不仅可以套期保值,而且可以投机。36国有企业参与期货市场既是不断强化市场风险意识的过程,又是不断提升国际市场竞争力的过程,国有企业没有理由不利用这一市场。
(四)为投资公司、证券公司和基金入市创造条件。我国期货市场资金量大约为80亿元,相当于一只开放式基金的规模这与缺乏有实力的机构投资者密切相关。目前无论是理论上还是实际上,投资公司进入期货市场无法律障碍,但缺乏法律明确、肯定的支持,反映了转轨时期制度上的空白。理论上,证券公司、证券投资基金进入期货市场并无法律禁止性规定,37但实际上,证监会核准证券公司委托理财的业务中并不包含期货交易,并且事实上并不允许证券公司从事期货自营业务;证券投资基金管理办法也排除了把期货交易作为投资组合的工具。这些规定限制了期货市场资金来源的渠道,可从三方面入手解决:①把期货合约与股票、国债及公司债券并列作为重要的投资工具,赋予期货业适当的法律地位;②基于期货投资基金与证券投资基金在管理和运作上的相似性,作为过渡,可放开其投资范围,准许进行期货投资并对比例作一定限制;③培育规模性的专业投资商,在即将出台的《投资基金法》中明确证券投资基金可以通过设立期货投资基金,由专门的期货基金管理公司负责运作,直接以期货合约作为投资对象和避险工具。38
总之,中国期货市场的根本出路在于总结历史经验,走出经营误区,合理定位职能,这无疑是一艰难曲折的历程。期货业困境的摆脱不仅需要全体业内人士积极投入改革和勇于开拓创新,而且有赖于政府的政策支持、法制的有力保障以及投资意识的大力普及。唯此,中国期货业才能迎来新的发展机遇。


( 作者系华东政法学院法学硕士,现供职于大连商品交易所市场部)